During the period from 1891 to 1896, he made up to 2000 flights.

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Such fractals are obtained if Halley’s formula is used as a rule for constructing a dynamic fractal to find the approximate values ​​of the roots of a function (see Halley’s method). The formula is quite cumbersome, so anyone who wants to can see it on Wikipedia. The idea of ​​the method is almost the same as that used to draw dynamic fractals: we take some initial value (as usual, here we are talking about complex values ​​of variables and functions) and apply the formula to it many times, getting a sequence of numbers. It almost always converges to one of the zeros of the function (that is, the value of the variable at which the function becomes 0). Halley’s method, despite the cumbersomeness of the formula, works more efficiently than Newton’s method: the sequence converges to zero of the function faster.

See also: How to draw it

Next: Newton’s Fractal

The nuclei can have different, sometimes even asymmetrical, shape. This is the simplest hint that one and the same nucleus can be in different states – basic and numerous excited ones. Image from the site t2.lanl.gov

Another type of nuclear transformations is when the nucleus does not decay, as in alpha decay, and does not change its composition, as in beta decay, but remains itself, but only, relatively speaking, changes its shape. Different versions of the same nucleus, differing only in the motion and mutual orientation of the spins of protons and neutrons, are called isomers. Different isomers have different energies, so their transformation into each other leads to the emission of a photon.

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This is very similar to what happens with atoms: there is a ground source synthesis chart state with the lowest energy, and excited states, the energy of which is higher. When an atom changes its electronic structure and thereby jumps from an excited level to a ground level, it emits a photon. It’s the same in the cores. For each nucleus, there is a whole ladder of excited states with increased energy. Excited isomers are unstable and usually they quickly convert to the ground state of the nucleus by emitting a photon. Sometimes, however, they decay into other nuclei due to ordinary radioactivity.

Ladder of excited levels of uranium-238 nucleus. The arrows show the transitions between different levels. Black numbers show nuclear spin (left) and excitation energy in keV (right), green numbers – lifetimes of these states. It can be seen that the typical lifetime of these states is picoseconds. We emphasize that only some of the hundreds of known excited states in this isotope are shown here. Image from the site nndc.bnl.gov

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Just as excited states of atoms can be short-lived or long-lived, nuclear isomers can also have very different half-lives. By analogy with atomic transitions, if nothing interferes with the decay of the excited state, it can occur very quickly, in times of the order of zeptoseconds, ie, literally in several “clock cycles” of nuclear motion. Such are, for example, most isomers of light nuclei. In heavy nuclei, the picture is much more varied. For example, among the hundreds of known isomers of the lead nucleus 208Pbthere are those that live from tens of zeptoseconds to nanoseconds.

In some cases, when the decay of the isomer is very difficult, the lifetime of an excited nucleus can reach seconds or more. We have already met one such example among uranium isomers. Another famous example is the hafnium-178 isomer denoted 178m2Hf. He has a huge spin – as much as 16 units. This makes it so difficult to transition to the ground state that its half-life is 31 years. This is already a lot, even by human standards. There were even proposals to make on the basis of this hafnium isomer a sort of “pure” nuclear bomb. We take hafnium-178, put it in an excited state, pack a small amount of the isomer into a shell and equip it with a device to release energy. When such a bomb exploded, only photons would be released. It would cause destruction around itself without long-lived radiation contamination of the environment, and therefore agreements on “conventional” nuclear weapons would not apply to it. Fortunately, the manipulation of energy levels in nuclei is such a challenge that no known pumping and energy release technology comes close to meeting the requirements. So the hafnium bomb can still be considered a pipe fantasy.

Finally, in very exceptional cases, an excited nucleus can be so long-lived that its decay is not observed under laboratory conditions, and this isomer itself can even be present in some concentration under natural conditions. Such, for example, is the tantalum isomer 180mTa. It makes up 0.012% of all natural tantalum, and its life time is immeasurably long (it is only known that it exceeds 1015 years).

An example of a ladder of excited states in tantalum and hafnium nuclei. Top: real spectroscopy of 158Ta isomers, bottom: its simplified diagram. A separate tabular shows the long-lived isomer of tantalum-158 with spin 19. For details, see the news The boundary of the proton stability of nuclei can be rather blurred

The theoretical foundations of the flight of vehicles heavier than air

Man had the opportunity to observe and study free-flying “vehicles” long before the creation of the first aircraft – he always had an example of a flying bird before his eyes. In the legends of any people, you can find a fairy-tale hero capable of moving through the air, and these methods are extremely diverse.

The ideas about the flight mechanism of birds were just as varied. It has even been suggested that the lifting force of the wing is caused by electric charges generated on the loose feathers when the bird spreads its wings.

However, flying on an apparatus heavier than air became possible quite recently (by the standards of human history) and more than a hundred years after the first flight in a balloon (balloon) by the Montgolfier brothers.

Gliders, or non-powered aircraft

Observations of birds soaring led to experiments using updrafts and the creation of gliders. However, a serious disadvantage of the airframe as a vehicle is that it cannot take off on its own.

In 1891, Otto Lilienthal made a glider from willow rods covered with fabric. During the period from 1891 to 1896, he made up to 2000 flights. On August 9, 1896, Otto Lilienthal died. A copy of his apparatus can be seen in the N.E. Zhukovsky Museum in Moscow on ul. Radio.

Gliding was popular in the 30s of the XX century. Most of the famous aircraft designers began with glider projects, for example, O. K. Antonov, S. P. Korolev, A. S. Yakovlev. The use of modern materials and aerodynamic forms has led to the fact that in conditions of stable updrafts, for example, in mountainous terrain, gliders are able to fly for many hours and even many days.

The aerodynamic schemes of gliders have become the basis for vehicles heavier than air, driven by the force of human muscles – “musculolette”, as well as other vehicles with a low flight speed.

The descendants of gliders are “hang gliders” and “paragliders”. Paragliding is extremely popular nowadays.

Reduced models of paragliders are used as a sports equipment for towing mountain and water skiers. Such a device can be made independently, even at home.

Attempts to create an aircraft capable of independently taking off, landing at a given point and taking off again from there ended in failure not only due to lack of knowledge, but also due to the lack of a suitable engine. It is equally true that the emergence of a new engine, lighter and more powerful or based on a different principle of creating a motive force, leads to a revolutionary breakthrough in the development of aviation.

The theoretical foundations of the flight of vehicles heavier than air were developed by N. Ye. Zhukovsky at the beginning of the 20th century. The necessary experimental data were obtained back in the 19th century by A.F. Mozhaisky, O. Lilienthal, and others.

Next: Helicopters. Key ideas and a brief history

Federal bodies in the field of intellectualproperty

Federal Service for Intellectualproperty (Rospatent) is a federalthe executive authority exercisingfunctions for legal protection of interestsstate in the field of legal protection anduse of objects of intellectualproperty, – see:

Regulations on the Federal service for intellectual property. Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 21 March 2012 No. 218

Note that earlier such federalexecutive authority wasFederal Service for Intellectualproperty, patents and trademarks(Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 16, 2004 No.No. 299 “” On approval of the Regulations on the Federalservice for intellectual property,patents and trademarks “”), and before that -Russian Agency for Patents and Commoditiessigns (Rospatent), which by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federationdated March 9, 2004 No. 314 “” On the system and structurefederal executive bodies “”was transformed into the Federal Service forintellectual property, patents andtrademarks. Please note that with thisthe reduction of Rospatent is reserved for the new service,those. Federal Service for Intellectualproperty (Rospatent).

Rospatent is in charge of:State institution “” Chamber ofpatent disputes “Stateeducational institution “” RussianState Institute of Intellectualproperty “State institution “” FederalInstitute of Industrial Property “” – see:

About the List of Organizations, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2004 No. No. 1749-r with attachments: List of organizations administered by Ministry of Education and Science of Russia List of federal state institutions under the jurisdiction of Rospatent List of federal state institutions under the jurisdiction of Rosobrnadzor List of organizations administered by Rosnauki

About federal bodiesexecutive branch authorizedconsider applications for the grant of a patent forinventions containing information constitutingstate secrets. ResolutionGovernment of the Russian Federation of October 2, 2004 No. 514

Inventions, industrial designs, usefulmodel

Administrative regulationsexecution by the Federal Service forintellectual property, patents andtrademarks of the state function onorganizing the acceptance of applications for industrialsample and their examination, examination and issuance inthe established procedure of patents of the RussianFederation for an industrial design. ApprovedBy order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 29, 2008 No.No. 325

Administrative regulationsexecution by the Federal Service forintellectual property, patents andtrademarks of the state function onorganizing the acceptance of applications for a utility model andtheir consideration, examination and issuance inthe established procedure of patents of the RussianFederation for a utility model. ApprovedBy order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 29, 2008 No.No. 326

Administrative regulationsexecution by the Federal Service forintellectual property, patents andtrademarks of the state function onorganizing the acceptance of applications for inventions and theirconsideration, examination and issuance inthe established procedure of patents of the RussianFederation for invention. Approved by OrderMinistry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 29, 2008 No. 327

– Order No. 327 canceled the previously valid Rulesdrawing up, filing and considering an application forthe grant of a patent for an invention approvedBy order of the Russian Agency for Patents andtrademarks dated June 6, 2003 No. 82

Inspection rulesthe presence in applications for the grant of a patent forinvention or utility model created inOf the Russian Federation, information constitutingstate secrets. ApprovedBy Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2007city ​​No. 928

Previously, there were: Rules for the preparation, submission and consideration applications for the grant of a patent for a utility model, approved by the Order of the Russian Agency for patents and trademarks dated June 6, 2003 No. 83, Rules for the preparation, submission and consideration applications for the grant of a patent for an industrial design, approved by the Order of the Russian Agency for patents and trademarks dated June 6, 2003 No. 84

Issuance of an open license

Submission rules and consideration of the patent holder’s application for granting the right to an open source license and publication of information about such a statement. Approved by the Order of Rospatent dated 30.11.94.

Issuance of patents of the Russian Federation in returncertificates and patents of the USSR

The right to apply fortermination of the USSR title of protectionon the territory of the Russian Federation fromsimultaneous issuance of a patent of the RussianFederation – see:

Submission rules and consideration of applications for termination on the territory of the Russian Federation of copyright USSR certificates for inventions, certificates USSR for industrial designs, as well as patents USSR, issued in the name of the State Fund inventions of the USSR, and the issuance of patents of the Russian Federation for the remainder of the term. Approved By order of Rospatent dated June 25, 1993 No. 35

Trademarks, service marks andappellations of origin

Rules for drawing up, filingand consideration of an application for registration of a commodityservice mark and mark. ApprovedBy order of the Russian Agency for Patents andtrademarks dated March 5, 2003 No. 32

Commodity recognition rulesmark well-known in the Russian Federation.Approved by the Order of the Russian Agency forpatents and trademarks dated March 17, 2000 No. 38

Administrative regulationsexecution by the Federal Service forintellectual property, patents andtrademarks of the state function onorganizing the acceptance of applications for registration andgranting the right to use the nameplace of origin of goods or applications forgranting the right to use alreadyregistered placethe origin of the goods, their consideration,examination and issuance in the prescribed mannercertificates of the Russian Federation. ApprovedBy order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation fromOctober 29, 2008 No. 328

– Order No. 328 canceled the previously valid Rulesdrawing up, filing and considering an application forregistration and granting of the right to useappellation of origin of goods andapplications for the grant of the right to use alreadyregistered placethe origin of the goods, approved by the OrderRussian Agency for Patents and Commoditiessigns dated February 25, 2003 No. 24

Forms of evidence

Forms of certificates (for a trademark (markservice), on a collective mark, onwell-known trademark, rightuse of appellation of origingoods) and examples of their filling:

About changing forms trademark certificate (mark service), certificates for collective mark, a certificate for a well-known trademark sign, certificates for the right to use appellation of origin of goods and forms “” attachment “” to the certificates for the commodity mark (service mark), on a collective mark, on well-known trademark, right use of appellation of origin goods. Order of the Russian Agency for patents and trademarks dated August 22, 2003 No. 109

Early termination of legal protection andvalidity of evidence

Rules for deciding onearly termination of legal protection of commoditymark and service mark in case of liquidationlegal entity – the owner of an exclusivetrademark rights or terminationentrepreneurial activity of physicalperson – the owner of the exclusive right totrademark.