Striving to overcome the feudal nobility, Ivan III consistently formed a system of servants.
The defeat suffered by the main forces of the Golden Horde accelerated its disintegration. The Golden Horde reduced the amount of tribute and recognized the right of Moscow’s great princes to inherit the great Vladimir reign.
The second stage of unification
The second stage of unification of n lands – 80’s of the XIV century. – 1462 is characterized by further territorial expansion of the Moscow principality.
Dmitry Ivanovich (who received the nickname Donskoy after the victory on Kulikovo field), joining Dmitrov, Starodub, Uglich, Kostroma and other territories, took measures to strengthen the power of the Grand Duke. He abolished the remnants of local self-government and completely subordinated the cities to the Grand Ducal government, determined the amount of tribute from the principalities to pay the Horde, established a new territorial principle of militia formation: henceforth boyars and nobles had to act with those princes who owned their patrimony and estates. He obliged the princes to serve the Grand Duke of Moscow.
Dmytro Donsky’s eldest son Vasyl I became a ruler by his father’s will, without the sanction of the Golden Horde.
During his reign, Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Gorodets and Tarusa were annexed to Moscow. At the same time, in the early 1990s, attempts by the Moscow principality to limit the independence of Veliky Novgorod intensified. The struggle, which lasted several years with varying degrees of success, led to the conclusion in 1398 of a peace treaty.
At the end of the XIV century. Moscow extended its influence to the lands of the Komi-Zyrians (the basin of the Vychegda River) and the Komi-Permians (lands along the Upper Kama and the Chusova River).
After the death of Basil I, the great reign passed to his son Basil II the Dark, during whose reign a feudal war broke out. The main question that was resolved during the military clashes was which of the princes to rule in Moscow – the recognized capital of North-Eastern Russia. Candidates for the Grand Ducal throne of Moscow expressed two opposite tendencies of further development of the country: Galician princes (uncle of Vasily II – Yuri and sons of Yuri – Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka), who opposed Vasily II, relied heavily on merchants, artisans and the free peasantry. North; Vasily II was supported by military landowners of the central regions. The Center’s victory over the North heralded the victory of serfdom.
By the end of the reign of Basil II, the territory under his rule far exceeded the possession of other princes, who by this time had lost their sovereignty. Political dependence on Moscow was forced to recognize in 1456 and Novgorod the Great, and in 1460 Pskov turned to Grand Duke Vasily II for protection from the Livonian Order.
Since the mid-50’s of the XV century. the system of public administration is being improved. There is a gradual transition from the estates to the county system. Power in them is concentrated in the hands of governors, who usually become the boyars of the Grand Duke. With the accession to Moscow of the powers of the governors extends to them.
The rights and privileges of governors were determined by charters, the rules of which were established by the "Russian Truth". Changes in the system of local administration preceded the reorganization of the central office.
During the reign of Vasily II, the role of the Moscow nobility steadily grew. The boyars headed the Sovereign’s Court, which was a military-administrative corporation.
The so-called serving princes, who had lost their inheritance, began to be involved in the execution of state orders, along with the boyars and children of the boyars (nobles).
The judicial system has undergone some changes. Monetary reform was also carried out and the issuance of a national coin at the Grand Ducal court was resumed. In general, this contributed to the further strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow.
The final period in the collection of Moscow territories
The third stage of the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow, their liberation from Horde rule and at the same time the formation of the state apparatus of the Grand Ducal government, the formation of the Moscow state occurred in 1462-1533.
This period covers the reigns of the great Moscow princes Ivan III (1462-1505) and Vasily III (1505-1533).
Under Ivan III, who became co-ruler of the Moscow state during the life of his father, Vasily the Dark, the collection of land "under the hand" of Moscow continued. This Moscow prince annexed Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), Tver (1485). Vyatka (1489), liquidated the independence of Veliky Novgorod, first surrounded and took the city in 1478, and then gradually confiscated the lands of the Novgorod nobility and relocated their owners to the central regions.
3 In 1476, John III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. And in 1480 the confrontation between the Russians and the Horde troops near one of the tributaries of the Oka ended bloodlessly – "standing on the Ugra" determining the final liberation of Russia from vassal Horde dependence.
Ivan became the de facto creator of the Moscow state. It was he who laid the foundations of Russian autocracy, not only significantly expanding the country’s territory (it included the lands of Mari, Mordovia, Komi, Karelian, etc.), but also strengthened its political system and state apparatus, and significantly strengthened Moscow’s international prestige.
The fall of Constantinople under the Turks in 1453 and the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine Princess Sophia Palaeologus in 1472 allowed the Grand Duke of Moscow to proclaim himself the successor of the Byzantine emperors, and Moscow – the capital of the Orthodox world.
This is reflected in the concept of "Moscow – the third Rome" formulated in the early XVI century. The state emblem of the Moscow state became (as in Byzantium) a double-headed eagle, and the Grand Duke himself in 1485 was called the great sovereign of all Russia.
Striving to overcome the feudal nobility, Ivan III consistently formed a system of servants. Boyars, swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke, assured their loyalty with special "oaths". The Moscow emperor could deprive them of public office, confiscate the patrimony.
Under Ivan III, a local system was introduced – the gift of servants (nobles) in the possession of inherited personal property of free lands (estates) for military or civil service. Thus, in the Moscow state there were, in addition to specific, three systems of land tenure: state, which included the palace of the Grand Duke, church-monastery and local.
The functions of public administration gradually became more complicated. There were positions of the state deacon – the head of the State court – and the clerks in charge of office work. From the end of the XV century. formed the Boyar Duma – the highest state advisory body to the emperor. In addition to the Moscow boyars, the Duma also included former princes.
In order to centralize and unify judicial and administrative activities in 1497, a new collection of laws was introduced – Sudebnik, which established uniform tax rules, the general procedure for investigation and trial. Sudebnik Ivan III primarily protected the life and property of the feudal landowner.
Sudebnik limited the right of peasants to go from their feudal lord to other lands for a strictly defined period – a week before the autumn St. George’s Day (November 26) and for a week after it with the obligatory payment of "old man".
The validity of Sudebnik marked the beginning of the attachment of the Peasants to the land.
In the XVI century. the process of expanding the territory of the Moscow state continued. After the victory over Lithuania in 1503, the lands along the upper reaches of the Oka, along the banks of the https://123helpme.me/write-my-lab-report/ rivers Yasen, Sozh and Dnieper, were ceded to Moscow. In total, the Moscow state included 25 cities and 70 parishes. In 1610 the independence of Pskov was abolished, and in 1514, after another war with Lithuania, Smolensk was ceded to Moscow. Finally, in 1521 the Ryazan principality ceased to exist.
Thus, the country’s territory has grown so much that it has become the largest state in Europe.
From the end of the XV century. "Muscovy" as it was formerly called by foreigners, began to be called Russia.
literature
Balandin Rudolf Konstantinovich. World History: 500 biogr .: Famous rulers, generals, born. heroes, thinkers and naturalists, politicians and entrepreneurs, inventors and travelers, writers, composers and artists of all times and peoples / RK Balandin. – M .: Sovremennik, 1998 .– 315. Abdulatipov Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich. Federalism in the history of Russia: [In 3 books. ] / RG Abdulatipov, LF Boltenkova, YF Yarov. – M .: Respublika, 1992. Bobovich Irina Mikhailovna. Economic history of Russia, 1861-1914: Textbook. allowance / IM Bobovich; St. Petersburg. University of Economics and Finance, Dept. econ. history. – SPb .: Izd-vo Sankt-Peterburg. University of Economics and Finance, 1995. – 135, [1] p. Agrarian evolution of Russia and the United States in the XIX – early XX century: Materials of owls. -amer. symposia / Otv. ed. ID Kovalchenko, VA Tishkov. – M .: Nauka, 1991. – 358, [1] p.
10/12/2012
Frankish state: prosperity and decline. Abstract
The heyday of the Frankish state during the reign of Charlemagne. The death of the empire of Charlemagne and the emergence of medieval Europe
The heyday of the Frankish state during the reign of Charlemagne
The time of the greatest power of the Frankish state falls on the reign of Pippin the Short’s son – Charlemagne (768-814), who became the hero of many legends, stories and songs. Contemporaries were impressed by his fiery, tireless energy, ability to delve into all the details of government, administration, economy, military, diplomatic, education and more.
According to the descriptions of contemporaries, Charlemagne was of enormous stature, strong physique. For his time he was quite an educated man – he was interested in literature and poetry, including ancient, knew Latin and Greek, although he never learned to write.
As a result of several wars, he significantly expanded the borders of the Frankish state, subordinating to his power various tribes and nationalities. As a result of a campaign in Italy (774), the Lombard king Desiderius was deprived of the throne, and his possessions were annexed to the Frankish state.
Charles also went on the offensive in Arab Spain. However, his first expedition to Spain (778) was not successful: reaching Zaragoza, the Franks were forced to return to their territory with nothing. This unsuccessful campaign later became the plot of the medieval French knightly epic "Song of Roland".
Later, the Franks methodically moved south of the Pyrenees. In 801, the Arabs were stripped of Barcelona in northeastern Spain, founded the Spanish mark (border area), whose population consisted mainly of Basques and Navarre.
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